Validation of the Hammett Equation on the Intermediate Production of Para-Substituted Benzoyl Thiosemicarbazide

Abstract
This study investigates the effect of para-substituents on the reaction rate in the synthesis of para-substituted benzoyl thiosemicarbazide, using Hammett’s equation as a theoretical framework. Hammett’s equation relates reaction rates and equilibrium constants to the electronic nature of substituents on aromatic rings. The reaction rates were measured for benzoic acids with various para-substituents, and deviations from Hammett’s linear correlation were observed, particularly with electron-donating groups. These deviations highlight the complex influence of substituent electronic effects on reaction kinetics. Melting point analysis was used to assess the purity and identity of the synthesized compounds. UV absorption spectra were recorded with a BIO-TEK spectrophotometer, and IR spectra were obtained using a Bio-Rad Merlin FT-IR Mod FTS3000 spectrometer. Spectroscopic data provided further insight into the structural and electronic characteristics of the products, supporting the kinetic findings. Overall, the study underscores how substituent electronic properties modulate reactivity, not always in full agreement with classical Hammett behavior.

Author
Rebaz Anwar Omer

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1142/S225123732550025X

ISSN
2251-2381

Publish Date: 29-Sep-2025