Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Carbon Dots for Determination of Pharmacological and Biological Samples: A Review

Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are a novel category of carbon-based nanomaterials characterized by their small size, often less than 10\r\nnm. CDs physical, chemical, and optical properties can be tuned using one-pot assembly. Because of their non-toxicity, biocompatibility,\r\nchemical and physical responsiveness, photo- and chemical-bleaching resistance, and low cost, nanoparticles\r\nhave become incredibly versatile. They find various applications in detecting inorganic substances, bio sensing, visualizing\r\ncells, studying biological processes in live cells, and aiding in medication delivery. Additionally, CDs exhibit versatility in\r\nelectronics and energy storage, making them promising candidates for applications in solar cells, light-emitting diodes, and\r\nsupercapacitors. CDs are more photo stable for hours than typical fluorescent semiconductor quantum dots. Before applying\r\nCDs, they must be characterized. Techniques such as UV–VIS spectroscopy, fluorescence spectrophotometry, FT-IR,\r\nTEM, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and NMR are commonly used to assess their photophysical and structural properties. This\r\narticle review explores the synthesis, characterization applications of CDs in analytical techniques for the determination of\r\nvarious analytes. The article provides a detailed analysis of the different methodologies used to make nanomaterials and\r\ndevices for the characterization of CDs. It also discusses the challenges that arise when using CDs in analytical techniques\r\nfor detecting different analytes. The focus of this review is on accurately determining pharmaceutical and biological samples\r\nusing CDs as sensing probes.

Author
Rebaz Anwar OMER

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-024-03736-3

Publisher
Journal of Fluorescence

ISSN
15734994

Publish Date: